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moroccan cultural |
1Reading
Culture, in anthropology, the patterns of behaviour and thinking that people living in social groups learn, create, and share. Culture distinguishes one human group from others. It also distinguishes humans from other animals. A people‘s culture embraces their beliefs, rules of behaviour, language, rituals, art, and technology, styles of dress, ways of producing and cooking food, religion, and political and economic systems. Culture is the most important concept in anthropology (the study of all aspects of human life, past and present). Anthropologists commonly use the term culture to refer to a society or group in which many or all people live and think in the same ways. Likewise, any group of people who share a common culture—and in particular, common rules of behaviour and a basic form of social organization—constitutes a society. Thus, the terms culture and society are somewhat interchangeable.
Rapid changes in technology in the last several decades have changed the nature of culture and cultural exchange. People around the world can make economic transactions and transmit information to each other almost instantaneously through the use of computers and satellite communications. Governments and corporations have gained vast amounts of political power through military might and economic influence. Corporations have also created a form of global culture based on worldwide commercial markets.
Local culture and social structure are now shaped by large and powerful commercial interests in ways that earlier anthropologist could not have imagined. Early anthropologists thought of societies and their cultures as fully independent systems. But today, many nations are multicultural societies, composed of numerous smaller subcultures. Cultures also cross national boundaries; for instance, people around the world now know a variety of English words and have contact with American cultural exports such as brand-name clothing and technological products, films and music, and mass-produced foods.
Many anthropologists have become interested in how dominant societies can shape the culture of less powerful societies, a process some researchers call cultural hegemony. Today, many anthropologists openly oppose efforts by dominant world powers, such as the U.S. government and large corporations, to make unique smaller societies adopt Western commercial culture.
A. Answer the following questions
1. What is meant by culture?………………………………………………….
2. How do governments and corporations achieve power?………………………………………………………………
3. What is the result of the use of technology in transmitting culture?
………………………………………………………………….
4. In what way do cultures influence each other?
……………………………………………………..
B. Say whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your answer.
1. Culture is a characteristic of people as well as animals.
……………………………………
2. Modern improvements contribute to the fast transmission of culture
…………………………………..
3. Today culture manages to cross social boundaries
………………………………….
C. Give synonyms to the following words
1. embraces: ………………..
2. Instantaneously: ………………
D. What is the main idea of the text?
…………………………………..
2Vocabulary
A. Replace the underlined expression with appropriate compound adjectives.
1. Most traditional pieces of jewellery are made by hand.
Most traditional pieces of jewellery are ……………………..
2. My cousin lives in Paris; he has his own business there.
My cousin is ……………………………..
3. My father gets angry very quickly.
My father is …………………………………………….person.
B. Add the items in the list B to the items in the list A to form compound adjectives.
A
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1. kind-………
2. good-……..
3. well-……..
4. brand-…….
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1. brightly-………
2. labor-………
3. easy-………
4. part-………
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1. old-………
2. left-………
3. second-………
4. well-………
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1. deeply-………
2. short-………
3. five-………
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B
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a-rooted, b-looking, c -going, d-fashioned, e-handed, f-known, g-sighted, h- lit, i-saving, j-hearted, k-hand, l-new, m-star, n-time, o- paid
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C. Fill in the blanks with suitable compound adjectives from the list B.
1. In our culture, some of the customs and traditions are ……………..…..
2. My brother cannot read the newspaper. He‘s ………………………..
3. Mr Krimmo still has that …………………………………. car. I don‘t think he will get rid of it.
4. ……………………………………..machines are necessary for working women.
5. We usually study in ……………………………………………… places.
6. We stayed in a ……………………………………….hotel.
7. My father has just bought a ………………….………..……….car.
8. That market sells …………………………..…….. clothes and machines.
9. Salwa has got a …………………….……job. She works three hours a day on Monday and Saturday.
10. My friend is…………………………………….. He can buy an expensive car.
D. Write sentences with compound adjectives.
1 ……………………………………………………………………………………
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